Meanwhile, British intelligence says Russian troops in Ukraine are demoralised, short of equipment and refusing to carry out orders.
Mr Putin is also not being told about the full impact of sanctions on the Russian economy, the White House said.
The Kremlin said the US had a "total misunderstanding" of the situation.
Mr Putin's chief spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, told journalists: "They simply don't understand what's happening in the Kremlin, they don't understand President Putin, they don't understand how decisions are taken and they don't understand the style of our work."
This was worrying, he added, "because such total misunderstanding leads to wrong decisions which have bad consequences."
Earlier, White House spokesperson Kate Bedingfield said the US had information that Mr Putin "felt misled by the Russian military" and this had resulted in "persistent tension between Putin and his military leadership".
"Putin's war has been a strategic blunder that has left Russia weaker over the long term and increasingly isolated on the world stage," she said.
Pentagon spokesman John Kirby called the assessments "discomforting", because an uninformed Putin could result in a "less than faithful" effort at ending the conflict through peace negotiations.
"The other thing is, you don't know how a leader like that is going to react to getting bad news," he said.
Ukrainian forces have begun attempts to retake some areas from Russia, which on Tuesday said it would scale back operations around Kyiv and the northern city of Chernihiv.
Jeremy Fleming, the head of the UK's cyber-intelligence agency GCHQ, said the move added to indications Russia had "massively misjudged the situation" and had been forced to "significantly rethink".
"We've seen Russian soldiers - short of weapons and morale - refusing to carry out orders, sabotaging their own equipment and even accidentally shooting down their own aircraft," Mr Fleming said in a speech to the Australian National University in Canberra.
"And even though Putin's advisers are afraid to tell him the truth, what's going on and the extent of these misjudgements must be crystal clear to the regime."
On the ground, US and Ukrainian officials say Russia is continuing to reposition forces away from Kyiv, probably as part of its effort to refocus on eastern regions.
In other developments:
- President Volodymyr Zelensky cast doubt on Russia's claims it was de-escalating, calling it the precursor to "new strikes" in the eastern Donbas region. "We don't believe anyone. Not a single beautiful word," he said
- Russia's defence ministry proposed a one-day ceasefire in besieged Mariupol on Thursday to let people leave. This came after Mr Putin said Mariupol would have to surrender to stop the shelling
- A US defence official said some Russian troops were leaving the Chernobyl area - home to a former nuclear plant that was the site of the world's worst nuclear accident in 1986 - and heading to neighbouring Belarus. "We think that they are leaving, I can't tell you that they're all gone," the official said
- Four million Ukrainians have fled the country and a quarter of the population has been displaced
- French military intelligence chief Gen Éric Vidaud has been dismissed from his post for not predicting the Russian invasion, French media report
Peace talks between Russia and Ukraine are due to restart online on 1 April, according to Ukrainian negotiator David Arakhamia.
In an online post cited by Reuters, Mr Arakhamia said Ukraine had proposed the leaders of both countries meet, but Russia declined, saying more work was needed on a draft treaty.
Mr Zelensky meanwhile characterised the talks as "only words, no specifics yet", following a similarly downbeat assessment from Russia.
Delegations from Moscow and Kyiv held three hours of discussions in Istanbul on Tuesday. Ukraine said it had proposed to become a neutral state in exchange for security guarantees.
BBC
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